{"id":267939,"date":"2026-09-15T22:56:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T19:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/?p=267939"},"modified":"2026-09-15T23:02:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T20:02:19","slug":"an-epidemic-transformed-medicine-animal-welfare-and-the-modern-city-prof-lee-dugatkin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/en\/podcast\/an-epidemic-transformed-medicine-animal-welfare-and-the-modern-city-prof-lee-dugatkin\/","title":{"rendered":"An Epidemic Transformed Medicine, Animal Welfare, and the Modern City &#8211; Prof. Lee Dugatkin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"powerpress_player\" id=\"powerpress_player_112\"><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-267939-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/audio2671906254.m4a?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/audio2671906254.m4a\">https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/audio2671906254.m4a<\/a><\/audio><\/div><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_links_m4a\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1px !important;\">Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/audio2671906254.m4a\" class=\"powerpress_link_pinw\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Play in new window\" onclick=\"return powerpress_pinw('https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/en\/\/?powerpress_pinw=267939-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Play in new window<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/audio2671906254.m4a\" class=\"powerpress_link_d\" title=\"Download\" rel=\"nofollow\" download=\"audio2671906254.m4a\">Download<\/a><\/p><div class=\"container\">\n<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_d4a37b0d7a347a3b\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color tutor-markdown-rendering\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-busy=\"false\" aria-live=\"off\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"1\">The interview explores how the 1872 equine influenza outbreak, known as the Great Epizootic, brought North American cities to a standstill and triggered lasting changes across medicine, animal welfare, and urban transport. In the late nineteenth century, steam engines handled long-distance rail travel, but daily life inside major hubs like New York, Boston, and Chicago ran entirely on literal horsepower. Horses moved people via streetcars, hauled merchandise, pulled firefighting equipment, and cleared waste. In New York City alone, roughly 40,000 workhorses consumed tens of millions of pounds of oats and hay each year, depositing about 1.5 million pounds of manure across streets every day.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"2\">The epidemic swept south from Canada with an incubation period of three to four days, meaning infected animals continued working while appearing healthy, inadvertently spreading the virus to thousands of others housed in crowded municipal stables. Although the disease carried a relatively low mortality rate of around 3% to 4%, it was exceptionally contagious, incapacitating enough animals to shut down normal city commerce for weeks at a time.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"2\"><iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7yGSeE-NzKM?si=6Vm336S4JZ991tHz\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"3\">This paralysis created a turning point for scientific understanding. Prevailing medical beliefs attributed illness to miasma theory, which held that foul, toxic air generated by rotting matter was the sole culprit. Because transmission between individuals was discounted, stable managers made no effort to separate horses. Following the outbreak, veterinarian James Law and his colleagues gathered extensive contagion records, demonstrating that the spread could only be explained by living pathogens, which provided crucial real-world support for the germ theory of disease.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"4\">At the same time, the crisis propelled early animal welfare campaigns into the public eye. Henry Bergh and the ASPCA stepped into the streets to halt streetcars and protect coughing, symptomatic horses from being worked, arguing that these creatures were living beings deserving legal care. Their public stance elevated the ASPCA into a major national institution, spurred the creation of similar societies in other cities, and later intertwined with efforts to end exploitative child labor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"5\">The economic fallout highlighted the danger of relying on living organisms as an urban energy source, sparking intense investment in mechanized alternatives such as elevated steam rail and underground subway lines in Boston and New York. Alongside this institutional progress, the epidemic exposed human opportunism, with teamsters possessing healthy horses charging up to ten times the standard rate to move stranded travelers and haul goods left sitting in harbor ports.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-path-to-node=\"6\">The book is available on <a class=\"ng-star-inserted\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Nary-Horse-Left-Standing-Nineteenth-Century-ebook\/dp\/B0GHZS5QHF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwiXnPuurPGWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQvgE\">Amazon UK<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The interview explores how the 1872 equine influenza outbreak, known as the Great Epizootic, brought North American cities to a standstill and triggered lasting changes across medicine, animal welfare, and urban transport. In the late nineteenth century, steam engines handled long-distance rail travel, but daily life inside major hubs like New York, Boston, and Chicago [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":267940,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5420,5261],"tags":[],"authorship_type":[5108],"class_list":["post-267939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-podcast","authorship_type-5108"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>An Epidemic Transformed Medicine, Animal Welfare, and the Modern City - Prof. Lee Dugatkin - Real Sciences<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/real-sciences.com\/en\/podcast\/an-epidemic-transformed-medicine-animal-welfare-and-the-modern-city-prof-lee-dugatkin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"An Epidemic Transformed Medicine, Animal Welfare, and the Modern City - Prof. Lee Dugatkin - Real Sciences\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The interview explores how the 1872 equine influenza outbreak, known as the Great Epizootic, brought North American cities to a standstill and triggered lasting changes across medicine, animal welfare, and urban transport. 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